McMaster Researchers Develop Rapid Test Strips for Bacterial Contamination in Swimming Water

Urban beach closures due to coliform outbreaks have become disturbing signs of summer, yet water-testing technology has never been fast enough to keep up with changing conditions, nor accessible enough to check all waters.

Sentinel Bioactive Paper Network funded researchers at McMaster University have developed a rapid testing method using a simple paper strip that can detect E coli in recreational water within minutes. The new tool can close the gap between outbreak and detection, improving public safety globally.

The scientists have created and validated the viability of the test strip, which can detect potentially harmful concentrations of E coli in water quickly and simply, with much greater accuracy than existing portable technology.

The work is described in a paper published online in the journal Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry.

"Coliforms are always a big problem," says the paper's lead author John Brennan, a McMaster chemistry professor who holds the Canada Research Chair in Bioanalytical Chemistry. "The methods used to detect outbreaks are slow, and tend not to be portable, as they often need a lab-based amplification step prior to testing, causing a time lag between an outbreak and a beach closure."

The Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) funds Sentinel Bioactive Paper, a strategic research network that spans Canada and is based at McMaster University. Several dozen researchers are involved in its initiatives to detect, repel and deactivate air, water, or food-borne pathogens to improve human health and safety.

"This is one of Sentinel's most promising technology platforms and I anticipate significant field studies in the next year," said Dr Robert Pelton, Sentinel's Scientific director and director of McMaster University Centre for Pulp and Paper Research.

Bioactive paper is both old and new, Dr Brennan explains. Since the late 1950s, physicians have been using bioactive paper to test for glucose in urine In the last several years, the area has expanded quickly and research has become very competitive as scientists work on new applications.

"It's always a race," he says.

The new strips are coated with chemicals that react to the bacteria, and are printed using inkjet technology similar to that found in standard desktop printers. Within 30 minutes of sampling, the paper changes colour to indicate the presence of E coli, with colours coded to represent different forms and concentrations of the bacteria.

In the future, the test should make it possible for consumers to check their water affordably and easily, without additional equipment, scientific knowledge or long waits.

"One of the problems right now is that there is no simple, fast and cheap way to test recreational water, and certainly nothing out there in the realm of rapid tests for drinking water," says Dr Brennan.

Field testing of the prototype strips is planned or under way in Canada and across the globe, in regions where untreated water poses particular health hazards. The results of these studies will help to refine the test strips and may lead to strips that are sensitive enough to tell whether water is safe enough to drink, says Dr Brennan.

The next stage of pre-commercial development of the test strips is already funded by NSERC through a Phase I Idea to Innovation grant. Commercialization of a final product could take as little as two to three years.